課程資訊
課程名稱
 身體與自我意識一
Body and Self-consciousness (Ⅰ) 
開課學期
 111-1 
授課對象
 文學院  哲學系  
授課教師
 梁益堉 
課號
 Phl3809 
課程識別碼
 104 45710 
班次
  
學分
 3.0 
全/半年
 半年 
必/選修
 選修 
上課時間
 星期四2,3,4(9:10~12:10) 
上課地點
 哲研討室二 
備註
 本課程中文授課,使用英文教科書。(C)哲學專題群組，群組課程請參閱本系網頁修業課程規定。
總人數上限：10人 
課程簡介影片
 
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課程概述

這是為大學部同學設計的跨領域課程，雖不預設任何背景知識，但會是一門重的課。我們會深入探討許多關於身體與自我意識的哲學與科學議題。例如：「多重感官整合」如何影響「身體歸屬感」？「身體歸屬感」有多大程度的可塑性？「身體位置感」與「自我位置感」是相同的主觀經驗嗎？「身體歸屬感」與「經驗歸屬感」的關係是什麼？「反思性的自我意識」與「前反思的自我意識」何者較為根本？我們除了討論相關的哲學作品與認知神經科學的論文，也會嘗試設計實驗來研究各種有趣的「身體錯覺」。例如：橡膠手錯覺、身體交換錯覺，以及我們最近在「神經科學與哲學研究室」設計的「自我觸碰錯覺」與「四隻手錯覺」等。研究這些新議題將有助於瞭解身體與自我意識之間的複雜關係。 

課程目標
 本課程有四項目標：第一，能瞭解與身體與自我意識相關的哲學問題。第二，學習如何仔細閱讀哲學與科學作品，並練習使寫作更為清晰。第三，學習設計實驗來從事跨領域研究。第四，對於一些重要議題能發展出自己的想法。 
課程要求
 學生除了得花功夫研讀困難的哲學作品，在上課時參與討論，評估各種立場的論證，也需要在作業中提出自己的觀點，並加以辯護。 
預期每週課後學習時數
  
Office Hours
  
指定閱讀
 Readings will be selected from the list 
參考書目
 Readings will be selected from the list:
1. Bertamini, M., Berselli, N., Bode, C., Lawson, R., & Wong, L. T. (2011). The rubber hand illusion in a mirror. Consciousness and cognition, 20(4), 1108-1119.
2. Blanke, O., and Metzinger, T. (2009). Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood. Trends in cognitive sciences, 13(1), 7-13.
3. Blanke, O. (2012). Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(8), 556-571.
4. Bottini, G. et al. (2002). Feeling touches in someone else's hand. Neuroreport, 13(2), 249-252.
5. Botvinick, M., and Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands 'feel' touch that eyes see. Nature, 391(6669), 756.
6. Ehrsson, H. H. (2007). The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences. Science, 317(5841), 1048.
7. Ehrsson, H. H. (2009). How many arms make a pair? Perceptual illusion of having an additional limb. Perception, 38(2), 310-312.
8. Ehrsson, H. H. (2012). “The concept of body ownership and its relation to multisensory integration,” In The New Handbook of Multisensory Processes, Chapter 43, ed. B. E. Stein (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 775–792.
9. Guterstam, A. et al. (2011). The illusion of owning a third arm. PLoS One, 6(2), e17208.
10. Guterstam, A., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2012). Disowning one’s seen real body during an out-of-body illusion. Consciousness and cognition, 21(2), 1037-1042.
11. Heydrich, L. et al. (2013). Visual capture and the experience of having two bodies–Evidence from two different virtual reality techniques. Frontiers in psychology, 4. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00946
12. Van der Hoort, B., Guterstam, A., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2011). Being Barbie: the size of one’s own body determines the perceived size of the world. PLoS One,6(5), e20195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020195
13. Kalckert, A., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2012). Moving a rubber hand that feels like your own: a dissociation of ownership and agency. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 6. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00040
14. Kammers, M. et al. (2009). The rubber hand illusion in action. Neuropsychologia, 47(1), 204-211.
15. Legrand, D. (2006). The bodily self: The sensori-motor roots of pre-reflective self-consciousness. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 5(1), 89-118.
16. Lenggenhager, B. et al. (2007). Video ergo sum: manipulating bodily self-consciousness. Science, 317(5841), 1096-1099.
17. Lenggenhager, B., Mouthon, M., and Blanke, O. (2009). Spatial aspects of bodily self-consciousness. Consciousness and cognition, 18(1), 110-117.
18. Petkova, V. I., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2008). If I were you: perceptual illusion of body swapping. PloS one, 3(12), e3832. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003832
19. Petkova, V et al. (2011). The perspective matters! Multisensory integration in ego-centric reference frames determines full-body ownership. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(35), 2. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00035
20. Tsakiris, M., Prabhu, G., and Haggard, P. (2006). Having a body versus moving your body: How agency structures body-ownership. Consciousness and Cognition, 15(2), 423-432.
21. Tsakiris, M. (2010). My body in the brain: A neurocognitive model of body-ownership. Neuropsychologia, 48(3), 703-712. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.034
22. Tsakiris, M. (2011). The sense of body ownership. In The Oxford handbook of self, ed. S. Gallagher (New York: Oxford University Press), 180–203.
23. Guterstam A, Larsson DEO, Szczotka J, Ehrsson HH. (2020). Duplication of the bodily self: a perceptual illusion of dual full-body ownership and dual self-location. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7: 201911.
24. 梁益堉 (2019)〈自我意識與身體經驗〉，《華文哲學百科》URL=http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=自我意識與身體經驗
25. Liang C*, Lee Y-T, Chen W-Y, Huang H-C (2018). Body-as-Subject in the Four-Hand Illusion. Frontiers in Psychology, research topic: Philosophical and Ethical Aspects of a Science of Consciousness and the Self, 9:1710.
26. Chen, W. Y., Huang, H. C., Lee, Y. T., Liang, C.* (2018). Body ownership and the four-hand illusion. Scientific Reports, 8:2153, 1-18.
27. Huang, H. C., Lee, Y. T., Chen, W. Y., Liang, C.* (2017) “The sense of 1PP-location contributes to shaping the perceived self-location together with the sense of body-location”, Frontiers in Psychology, 8:370.
28. Liang C*, Lin W-H, Chang T-Y, Chen C-H, Wu C-W, Chen W-Y, Huang H-C, Lee Y-T (2021). Experiential ownership and body ownership are different phenomena. Scientific Reports 11:10602. 
評量方式
(僅供參考)
  
No.
項目
百分比
說明
1. 
 Discussion and Presentation 
20% 
  
2. 
 homework 
30% 
  
3. 
 Final Paper 
50% 
  
 
針對學生困難提供學生調整方式
  
上課形式
作業繳交方式
考試形式
其他
 由師生雙方議定
課程進度
週次
日期
單元主題
第1週
   Introduction: bodily experiences and philosophical issues  
第2週
   Rubber hand illusion & Full body illusions
1. Botvinick, M., and Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands 'feel' touch that eyes see. Nature, 391(6669), 756.
2. Lenggenhager, B., Tadi, T., Metzinger, T., and Blanke, O. (2007). Video ergo sum: manipulating bodily self-consciousness. Science, 317(5841), 1096-1099.
3. Ehrsson, H. H. (2007). The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences. Science, 317(5841), 1048.  
第3週
   Lab visit 
第4週
   RHI, Body swap & 1PP
1. Guterstam, A., Petkova, V. I., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2011). The illusion of owning a third arm. PLoS One 6(2), e17208.
2. Petkova, V. I., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2008). If I were you: perceptual illusion of body swapping. PloS one, 3(12), e3832.
3. Petkova, V. I., et al. (2011). The perspective matters! Multisensory integration in ego-centric reference frames determines full-body ownership. Front Psychol 2: 35. 
第5週
   Disownership and Duplication
1. Guterstam, A., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2012). Disowning one’s seen real body during an out-of-body illusion. Consciousness and cognition, 21(2), 1037-1042.
2. Guterstam A, Larsson DEO, Szczotka J, Ehrsson HH. (2020). Duplication of the bodily self: a perceptual illusion of dual full-body ownership and dual self-location. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7: 201911. 
第6週
   Philosophical interpretation
1. Blanke, O., and Metzinger, T. (2009). Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, 7-13.
2. Legrand, D. (2010). Myself with No Body? Body, Bodily-Consciousness and Self-consciousness. In Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science, 180-200. Springer Netherlands. 
第7週
   NTU NeuroPhilosophy Lab Projects
1. Liang, C., Chang, S. Y., Chen, W. Y., Huang, H. C., Lee, Y. T. (2015). Body ownership and experiential ownership in the self-touching illusion. Frontiers in Psychology, section Consciousness Research.
2. Huang, H. C., Lee, Y. T., Chen, W. Y., Liang, C. (2017). The sense of 1PP-location contributes to shaping the perceived self-location together with the sense of body-location. Frontiers in Psychology, 8:370, 1-12.
3. Chen, W. Y., Huang, H. C., Lee, Y. T., Liang, C (2018). Body ownership and the four-hand illusion. Scientific Reports, 8:2153, 1-18. 
第8週
   Group meeting & Pilot study 
第9週
   Group meeting & Pilot study 
第10週
   Group meeting & Group presentation  
第11週
   Group meeting & Pilot study 
第12週
   Group meeting & Group presentation  
第13週
   Group meeting & Pilot study 
第14週
   Group presentation  
第15週
   Presentation - Last Class
 
第16週
   Final paper due