Course Information
Course title
Western Philosophy of Religion 
Semester
109-1 
Designated for
COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS  DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY  
Instructor
Lok-Chi Chan 
Curriculum Number
Phl3815 
Curriculum Identity Number
104E55900 
Class
 
Credits
3.0 
Full/Half
Yr.
Half 
Required/
Elective
Elective 
Time
Friday 7,8,9(14:20~17:20) 
Remarks
The upper limit of the number of students: 60. 
Ceiba Web Server
http://ceiba.ntu.edu.tw/1091Phl3815_ 
Course introduction video
 
Table of Core Capabilities and Curriculum Planning
Table of Core Capabilities and Curriculum Planning
Course Syllabus
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Course Description

The philosophy of religion aims as using philosophical methods to inquire into religious concepts. This course focuses on Western philosophers’ discussions of religion. It treats four topics in philosophy of religion:
(I) Arguments for and against the existence of God.
(II) The epistemology of religion: what standard should we use when assessing reasons for being religious? What kinds of reasons are justified?
(III) The metaphysics of divine attributes—e.g. omnipotence, omniscience, and omnibenevolence.
(IV) The debate over religious pluralism—can the major world religions be all correct? 

Course Objective
The aims of this course are as follows:
(1) Upon completing this course, students will have understood monotheistic and atheistic worldviews and be capable of making their own judgments.
(2) Among different areas of philosophy, philosophy of religion is one of those that particularly focus on philosophical arguments. Upon completing this course, students will have developed their skills in developing and critically assessing philosophical arguments.
(3) Surveying some historically influential texts and viewpoints.
(4) In the history of Western philosophy, many seminal theorists developed their philosophy on the basis of their religious viewpoints. Hence, upon completing this course, students will be more capable of studying the history of Western philosophy. 
Course Requirement
待補 
Student Workload (expected study time outside of class per week)
 
Office Hours
 
Designated reading
Oppy, Graham & Scott, Michael 2010, Reading Philosophy of Religion, Malden: Blackwell(本課程之課本,內含所有文本). 
References
Bayne, Tim 2018, Philosophy of Religion: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Swinburne, Richard 2004, The Existence of God, 3rd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mackie, John 1982, The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oppy, Graham 2006, Arguing about Gods, New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Grading
 
No.
Item
%
Explanations for the conditions
1. 
Participation 
20% 
 
2. 
Midterm exam 
30% 
 
3. 
Week 14 homework 
25% 
 
4. 
Final exam 
25% 
 
 
Progress
Week
Date
Topic
Week 1
9/18  Introduction  
Week 2
9/25  (I) 安瑟論的本體論論證Anselm’s ontological argument

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 本體論論證是否有力?
2. 無神論者可以如何反駁本體論論證?
3. 本體論論證的支持者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 3
10/02  (I) 阿奎那的宇宙論論證Aquinas’s cosmological argument

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 宇宙論論證是否有力?
2. 無神論者可以如何反駁宇宙論論證?
3. 宇宙論論證的支持者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 4
10/09  (I) 佩利的設計論論證Paley’s teleological argument

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 佩利的設計論論證是否有力?
2. 參考現代科學,有神論者可以提供哪些更現代化的設計論論證?
3. 無神論者可以如何反駁各種設計論論證?
4. 設計論論證的支持者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 5
10/16  (I) 休謨對設計論論證的回應Hume’s objections to the teleological argument

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 休謨對設計論論證的回應是否有力?
2. 佩利的支持者可以如何回應那些休謨的說法?
3. 休謨的說法能處理各種現代版的設計論論證嗎?
4. 設計論論證的現代支持者可以如何回應休謨?
 
Week 6
10/23  (I) 麥基的邏輯式苦罪問題J.L. Mackie’s logical problem of evil

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 邏輯式苦罪問題是否有力?
2. 有神論者可以如何反駁邏輯式苦罪問題?
3. 邏輯式苦罪問題的主張者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 7
10/30  (I) 羅爾的證據式苦罪問題William Rowe’s evidential problem of evil

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 證據式苦罪問題是否有力?
2. 證據式苦罪問題是否比邏輯式苦罪問題有力?兩者的優缺點為何?
3. 有神論者可以如何反駁證據式苦罪問題?
4. 證據式苦罪問題的主張者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 8
11/06  (II) 柏斯卡賭博Pascal’s Wager

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 柏斯卡賭博是否有力?
2. 假設它是有力的,它又是否一個現實的做法?
3. 無神論者可以如何反駁柏斯卡賭博?
4. 柏斯卡賭博的支持者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 9
11/13  Midterm exam 
Week 10
11/20  (II) 克利福德的「信念的倫理」William Clifford’s ‘The ethics of belief’

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 克利福德的信念的倫理是否一套合理的倫理觀?
2. 大部份有神論者符合這套倫理觀嗎?
3. 大部份無神論者符合這套倫理觀嗎?
4. 大部份不可知論者符合這套倫理觀嗎?
5. 異議者可以如何反駁這套倫理觀?
6. 克利福德的支持者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 11
11/27  (II) 占姆士的宗教實用主義William James’s pragmatism about religious belief

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 占姆士的實用主義是否合理?
2. 占姆士的宗教實用主義是否合理?
3. 占姆士對克利福德的反駁是否成立?他的觀點是否比克利福德的為佳?
4. 異議者可以如何反駁宗教實用主義?
5. 占姆士的支持者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 12
12/04  (II) 普蘭丁格論對上帝的信仰與正當基礎信念Alvin Plantinga’s view that belief in God is properly basic

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 普蘭丁格的知識論是否合理?
2. 假設它是合理的,對上帝的信仰又能否作為一個正當基礎信念?
3. 假設對上帝的信仰能作為一個正當基礎信念,有多少人對上帝的信仰真的是正當基礎信念?
4. 無神論者可以如何反駁普蘭丁格?
5. 普蘭丁格的支持者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 13
12/11  (III) 全能與石頭問題Omnipotence and the problem of the stone

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 石頭問題是否成立?
2. 有神論者可以如何回應石頭問題?
3. 石頭問題的主張者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 14
12/18  (III) 遊敘弗倫兩難The Euthyphro dilemma

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 遊敘弗倫兩難是否成立?
2. 有神論者可以如何回應遊敘弗倫兩難?
3. 遊敘弗倫兩難的主張者可以如何回應那些反駁?
 
Week 15
12/25  (III) 全知與自由意志Divine omniscience and free will

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 上帝的全知有哪些可能的形式?
2. 每種可能的形式與人的自由意志有否衝突?若有,有何衝突?
3. 相信自由意志的有神論者可以處理這些衝突?
4. 反對者可以如何回應那些處理方式?
 
Week 16
1/01  (IV) 宗教多元論Religious pluralism

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 宗教多元論是否合理?
2. 希克對宗教多元論的論證是否有力?
3. 宗教排他論者和宗教包容論者可以如何回應希克與宗教多元論?
4. 無神論者可以如何評價希克與宗教多元論?
5. 希克或其他版本的宗教多元論的支持者,可以如何回應這些挑戰?
 
Week 17
1/08  (IV) 宗教排他論Religious exclusivism

小組討論之建議討論問題:
1. 普蘭丁格對宗教排他論的論證是否有力?
2. 宗教排他論者是否高傲自大?
3. 希克或其他版本的宗教多元論的支持者,可以如何回應普蘭丁格?
4. 普蘭丁格或其他版本的宗教排他論的支持者,可以如何回應這些挑戰?
 
Week 18
1/15  Final exam