課程資訊
課程名稱
身體經驗的跨領域研究一
Interdisciplinary Investigations of Bodily Experiences (Ⅰ) 
開課學期
111-2 
授課對象
文學院  哲學研究所  
授課教師
梁益堉 
課號
Phl7772 
課程識別碼
124 M7480 
班次
 
學分
3.0 
全/半年
半年 
必/選修
選修 
上課時間
星期一2,3,4(9:10~12:10) 
上課地點
哲研討室二 
備註
本課程中文授課,使用英文教科書。研究所:E領域。 大學部:(C)哲學專題群組。
總人數上限:12人 
 
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課程概述

這門課是對「身體經驗」進行跨領域研究。雖不預設任何背景知識,但會是一門重的課。我們會深入探討許多關於身體經驗與自我意識的哲學與科學議題。例如:「多重感官整合」如何影響「身體擁有感」?「身體擁有感」有多大程度的可塑性?「身體位置感」與「自我位置感」是相同的主觀經驗嗎?「身體擁有感」與「經驗擁有感」的關係是什麼?我們除了討論相關的哲學作品與認知神經科學的論文,也會嘗試進行實驗來研究各種有趣的「身體錯覺」。例如:橡膠手錯覺、身體交換錯覺,以及我們最近在「神經科學與哲學研究室」設計的「自我觸碰錯覺」與「四隻手錯覺」等。研究這些新議題將有助於瞭解身體與自我意識之間的複雜關係。

This is an interdisciplinary course on bodily experiences. Although no background knowledge is required, this will be a heavy course. We will investigate several issues concerning bodily experiences and self-consciousness: how does multisensory integration influence the sense of body ownership? How flexible is the sense of body ownership? Is the sense of “body location” the same as the sense of “self-location”? What is the relationship between the sense of body ownership and the sense of experiential ownership? We will discuss research papers both in philosophy and cognitive neuroscience, and will try to conduct experiments to study interesting bodily illusions, for example, “rubber hand illusion”, “body swap illusion”, as well as “self-touching illusion” and “four-hand illusion” that we recently designed in the “NeuroPhilosophy Lab.” This interdisciplinary approach will help us to achieve a deeper understanding on the relations between body and self-consciousness. 

課程目標
本課程有三項目標:第一,能瞭解「身體經驗」與「身體性的自我意識」之相關問題。第二,學習如何仔細閱讀哲學與科學作品,並練習使寫作更為清晰並具説服力。第三,對於一些重要議題能發展出自己的想法。

There are three goals in this course: first, we aim to understand some key issues regarding bodily experiences and bodily self-consciousness. Second, students learn how to read philosophical and scientific texts carefully and to write clearly as well as persuasively. Third, students try to develop their own thoughts on some of the key issues. 
課程要求
學生除了得花功夫研讀困難的哲學作品,在上課時參與討論,評估各種立場的論證,也需要在作業中提出自己的觀點,並加以辯護。 
預期每週課後學習時數
 
Office Hours
另約時間 
指定閱讀
See the class schedule below for the required readings. 
參考書目
Readings will be selected from the list:
Bertamini, M., Berselli, N., Bode, C., Lawson, R., & Wong, L. T. (2011). The rubber hand illusion in a mirror. Consciousness and cognition, 20(4), 1108-1119.
Blanke, O., and Metzinger, T. (2009). Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood. Trends in cognitive sciences, 13(1), 7-13.
Blanke, O. (2012). Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(8), 556-571.
Bottini, G. et al. (2002). Feeling touches in someone else's hand. Neuroreport, 13(2), 249-252.
Botvinick, M., and Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands 'feel' touch that eyes see. Nature, 391(6669), 756.
Ehrsson, H. H. (2007). The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences. Science, 317(5841), 1048.
Ehrsson, H. H. (2009). How many arms make a pair? Perceptual illusion of having an additional limb. Perception, 38(2), 310-312.
Ehrsson, H. H. (2012). “The concept of body ownership and its relation to multisensory integration,” In The New Handbook of Multisensory Processes, Chapter 43, ed. B. E. Stein (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 775–792.
Guterstam, A. et al. (2011). The illusion of owning a third arm. PLoS One, 6(2), e17208.
Guterstam, A., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2012). Disowning one’s seen real body during an out-of-body illusion. Consciousness and cognition, 21(2), 1037-1042.
Heydrich, L. et al. (2013). Visual capture and the experience of having two bodies–Evidence from two different virtual reality techniques. Frontiers in psychology, 4. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00946
Van der Hoort, B., Guterstam, A., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2011). Being Barbie: the size of one’s own body determines the perceived size of the world. PLoS One,6(5), e20195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020195
Kalckert, A., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2012). Moving a rubber hand that feels like your own: a dissociation of ownership and agency. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 6. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00040
Kammers, M. et al. (2009). The rubber hand illusion in action. Neuropsychologia, 47(1), 204-211.
Legrand, D. (2006). The bodily self: The sensori-motor roots of pre-reflective self-consciousness. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 5(1), 89-118.
Lenggenhager, B. et al. (2007). Video ergo sum: manipulating bodily self-consciousness. Science, 317(5841), 1096-1099.
Lenggenhager, B., Mouthon, M., and Blanke, O. (2009). Spatial aspects of bodily self-consciousness. Consciousness and cognition, 18(1), 110-117.
Petkova, V. I., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2008). If I were you: perceptual illusion of body swapping. PloS one, 3(12), e3832. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003832
Petkova, V et al. (2011). The perspective matters! Multisensory integration in ego-centric reference frames determines full-body ownership. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(35), 2. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00035
Tsakiris, M., Prabhu, G., and Haggard, P. (2006). Having a body versus moving your body: How agency structures body-ownership. Consciousness and Cognition, 15(2), 423-432.
Tsakiris, M. (2010). My body in the brain: A neurocognitive model of body-ownership. Neuropsychologia, 48(3), 703-712. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.034
Tsakiris, M. (2011). The sense of body ownership. In The Oxford handbook of self, ed. S. Gallagher (New York: Oxford University Press), 180–203.
Guterstam A, Larsson DEO, Szczotka J, Ehrsson HH. (2020). Duplication of the bodily self: a perceptual illusion of dual full-body ownership and dual self-location. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7: 201911.
梁益堉 (2019)〈自我意識與身體經驗〉,《華文哲學百科》URL=http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=自我意識與身體經驗
Liang C*, Lee Y-T, Chen W-Y, Huang H-C (2018). Body-as-Subject in the Four-Hand Illusion. Frontiers in Psychology, research topic: Philosophical and Ethical Aspects of a Science of Consciousness and the Self, 9:1710.
Chen, W. Y., Huang, H. C., Lee, Y. T., Liang, C.* (2018). Body ownership and the four-hand illusion. Scientific Reports, 8:2153, 1-18.
Huang, H. C., Lee, Y. T., Chen, W. Y., Liang, C.* (2017) “The sense of 1PP-location contributes to shaping the perceived self-location together with the sense of body-location”, Frontiers in Psychology, 8:370.
Liang C*, Lin W-H, Chang T-Y, Chen C-H, Wu C-W, Chen W-Y, Huang H-C, Lee Y-T (2021). Experiential ownership and body ownership are different phenomena. Scientific Reports 11:10602. 
評量方式
(僅供參考)
 
No.
項目
百分比
說明
1. 
Presentation 
20% 
 
2. 
Homework 
30% 
 
3. 
Final Paper 
50% 
 
 
課程進度
週次
日期
單元主題
第1週
  Introduction: bodily experiences and philosophical issues  
第2週
  放假 
第3週
  Lab visit 
第4週
  Rubber hand illusion & Full body illusions
1. Botvinick, M., and Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands 'feel' touch that eyes see. Nature, 391(6669), 756.
2. Lenggenhager, B., Tadi, T., Metzinger, T., and Blanke, O. (2007). Video ergo sum: manipulating bodily self-consciousness. Science, 317(5841), 1096-1099.
3. Ehrsson, H. H. (2007). The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences. Science, 317(5841), 1048.  
第5週
  RHI, Body swap & 1PP
1. Guterstam, A., Petkova, V. I., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2011). The illusion of owning a third arm. PLoS One 6(2), e17208.
2. Petkova, V. I., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2008). If I were you: perceptual illusion of body swapping. PloS one, 3(12), e3832.
3. Petkova, V. I., et al. (2011). The perspective matters! Multisensory integration in ego-centric reference frames determines full-body ownership. Front Psychol 2: 35. 
第6週
  Disownership and Duplication
1. Guterstam, A., and Ehrsson, H. H. (2012). Disowning one’s seen real body during an out-of-body illusion. Consciousness and cognition, 21(2), 1037-1042.
2. Guterstam A, Larsson DEO, Szczotka J, Ehrsson HH. (2020). Duplication of the bodily self: a perceptual illusion of dual full-body ownership and dual self-location. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7: 201911. 
第7週
  Philosophical interpretation
1. Blanke, O., and Metzinger, T. (2009). Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, 7-13.
2. Legrand, D. (2010). Myself with No Body? Body, Bodily-Consciousness and Self-consciousness. In Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science, 180-200. Springer Netherlands. 
第8週
  NTU NeuroPhilosophy Lab Projects
1. Liang, C., Chang, S. Y., Chen, W. Y., Huang, H. C., Lee, Y. T. (2015). Body ownership and experiential ownership in the self-touching illusion. Frontiers in Psychology, section Consciousness Research.
2. Huang, H. C., Lee, Y. T., Chen, W. Y., Liang, C. (2017). The sense of 1PP-location contributes to shaping the perceived self-location together with the sense of body-location. Frontiers in Psychology, 8:370, 1-12.
3. Chen, W. Y., Huang, H. C., Lee, Y. T., Liang, C (2018). Body ownership and the four-hand illusion. Scientific Reports, 8:2153, 1-18. 
第9週
  NeuroPhilosophy Lab 
第10週
  NeuroPhilosophy Lab 
第11週
  NeuroPhilosophy Lab 
第12週
  NeuroPhilosophy Lab 
第13週
  NeuroPhilosophy Lab 
第14週
  NeuroPhilosophy Lab 
第15週
  Presentation 
第16週
  FINAL PAPER DUE