This course extends the knowledge learned in sophomore analytical chemistry to include the fundamental principles and practical application of instrumental transducers used in modern instrumental methods for quantitative determination of chemical compounds. The topics covered have applications to closely allied fields in Natural Sciences, Life Science and Engineering.
This course is presented in a lecture/discussion format. The content of the course includes:
I. Instrumental Approach to Analytical Problems
a) Instrumental methods – classification
b) Methodology of instrumental analysis
c) Reproducibility and interference
d) Spectroscopy vs. spectrometry
e) Quality control
II. DC Circuit
a) Wheatstone bridge
b) Kirchhoff’s laws
III. AC Circuit
a) Signal comparison
b) Impedance
c) RC circuit
d) Voltage divider
e) High-pass and low-pass filter
f) Charging and discharging
IV. Diodes
a) Energy band
b) P-N junction
V. Transistors
a) Bipolar junction transistor
b) Common emitter transistor
c) Characteristic curve
d) Load line analysis
VI. Operational Amplifier
a) Feedback
b) Signal amplification
c) Instrument control
d) Transfer function
e) Voltage follower circuit
f) Inverting amplifier circuit
g) Non-inverting amplifier circuit
h) Difference amplifier circuit
i) Summing amplifier circuit
j) Voltage average circuit
k) Voltage integrator circuit
l) Voltage differentiator circuit
m) Current–to-voltage amplifier circuit
VII. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy/Spectrometry
a) Electromagnetic radiation
b) Interference
c) Transmission
i) Numerical aperture
d) Reflection
i) Reflectance and transmittance
ii) Low-reflection coating
e) Refraction
i) Snell's law
ii) Dispersion coefficient
iii) Chromatic aberration
f) Scattering
i) Lens & prism
ii) Rayleigh scattering
iii) Mie scattering
g) Diffraction
i) Bragg’s law
ii) Grating & filter
h) Angular dispersion vs. linear dispersion
i) Resolving power
j) Effective bandwidth
k) Photoelectric effect
l) Absorption
i) Franck-Condon principle
m) Emission
i) Kasha's rule
ii) Blackbody radiation
iii) Wien's displacement law
iv) Stefan–Boltzmann law
n) Limitations of Beer’s law
o) Spectrophotometric uncertainty
VIII. Signals and Noise
a) Sources of noise
b) Signal-to-noise enhancement
IX. UV/Vis Spectrometry
a) Spectroscopic process
b) Molar absorptivity
c) Chromophore type
d) Multichromophore effect
e) Solvent effect
f) Auxochromic effect
g) Woodward-Fieser rule
X. Luminescence Spectroscopy
a) Spectroscopic process
b) Types of luminescence
c) Photoluminescence
d) Synchronous spectra
e) Chemiluminescence
f) Bioluminescence
g) Electroluminescence
h) Laser
i) Fluorescent agent
j) Luminescence quenching
k) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
XI. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
a) Nuclear spin
b) Spin angular momentum
c) Spin quantum number
d) Spin magnetic moment
e) Screening constant
f) Excitation
g) Chemical shift
h) Spin-spin splitting
i) Coupling constant
j) Hydrogen exchange effect
k) Relaxation mode
l) Instrumentation
m) Phase coherence
n) Spectroscopic information
XII. Electron Spectroscopy
a) X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
i) Principle
ii) Instrumentation
iii) Mean free path
iv) Angular dependence
v) Sampling depth
vi) Overlayer
vii) Spin-orbit coupling
viii) Chemical information
b) Auger Electron Spectroscopy
i) Principle
ii) Instrumentation
iii) Analytical volume
iv) Attenuation length
v) Chemical information
XIII. Mass Spectrometry
a) Ion source
b) Mass analyzer
c) Mass spectrum
d) Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy
e) Secondary ion mass spectroscopy
XIV. Bioanalysis
a) Fluoroimmunoassay
b) ELISA methodology
c) Biochip
d) Western blotting
e) Electrophoresis (PAGE)
f) Selective molecular assembly patterning
g) Surface plasmon resonance
XV. Thermal Analysis
a) Thermogravimetric analysis
b) Differential thermal analysis
c) Differential scanning calorimetry