This course offers a comprehensive exploration of mitochondrial biology alongside fundamental concepts in cell biology. Mitochondrial diseases constitute a diverse spectrum of rare disorders characterized by intricate clinical and genetic profiles, affecting multiple bodily systems across all age groups. Understanding and diagnosing these conditions necessitate a multidisciplinary approach. The course delves into the genetic bases, pathophysiology, diagnostic methodologies, and treatment modalities of human mitochondrial diseases. Additionally, it examines advancements in diagnostic technologies and patient characterization techniques. Through in-depth discussions, students will gain insights into the intricate interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, their effects on the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and their implications for human health. The course also covers traditional biochemical and genetic methods, emerging omic technologies, and cellular and animal models used in mitochondrial research. The final segment focuses on current treatment options, providing students with a holistic understanding of mitochondrial disease management. In parallel, fundamental aspects of cell biology are explored, emphasizing the functional logic of living systems, the organization of cellular components, and the pivotal role of mitochondria in cell metabolism.