Rivers represents important habitat types of river systems according to Ramsar Convention (Ramsar 1971). Rivers play a critical role in the global water cycle, and maintaining local, regional and global biodiversity, ecosystem processes, functions and services. Restoration and sustainable managemtn of rivers are our most significant challenges in this century and possibly the future generations, particularly in the face of ever-increasing demand on water and ecosystem services, and often diminishing water supply, degrading habitats and reducing biodiversity. To continue to function as ecosystem service providers, we need to understand local and global river ecosystems, impacts of various threats resulting human activities, and effective restoration and management stratigies based on the approaches of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.